ALI PASA TEPELEN

born 1744, Tepelen, Albania, Ottoman Empire died Feb. 5 [Jan. 24, Old Style], 1822, Janina, Ottoman Empire [now Ionnina, Gr.] byname Lion of Janina Albanian brigand who, by murder and intrigue, became pasha, or provincial governor, of Janina from 1788. He extended his capricious rule within the Ottoman Empire over much of Albania and Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, and the Morea. His father, Veli, bey of Tepelen, died a poor man when Ali was 14. His mother, Khamco, formed a brigand band to restore the political and material fortunes of the family, and Ali became a notorious brigand leader. After service with the pasha of Negroponte (Euboea), he joined the wealthy pasha of Delvino, whose daughter he married in 1768. Becoming lieutenant to the derbend-pasha of Rumelia, he policed the highroads, enriched himself, and sent presents to Constantinople. At length he was rewarded with the pashalik of Trikkala and, after a series of murders and intrigues, obtained that of Janina. His son Veli took over Trikkala and later the Morea, while another son, Mukhtar, became pasha of Lepanto. Though constantly thwarted by the Christian Souliots, whom he finally subdued in 1803, Ali obtained control of the Gulf of Arta and took the ports of Butrinto, Preveza, and Vonitsa. He also gained control of the pashaliks of Elbasan, Delvino, Berat, and Valona (Vlore). All this time, by murders and extortions, he increased his wealth and, by intriguing with Greeks and Albanians, extended his authority over beys and townships. Though appointed viceroy of Rumelia, he repeatedly failed to carry out the orders of the Ottoman sultan, to whom he sent plausible excuses and many presents. Indeed, he acted as an independent sovereign and was treated as such by the British and French, with whom he intrigued, hoping to establish Janina as a sea power. By 1819 the sultan, Mahmud II, who intended to centralize the government of his empire, was determined to remove Ali and sanctioned his assassination. Ali tried to save himself by his old methods of murder, intrigue, and extortion but, deserted by his sons and allies, was finally shot down. In Ali's time, Janina was the foremost centre of Greek culture, for Ali employed Greeks and founded Greek schools. His court was one of barbarous refinement, and even the liberated Greeks looked back upon him with some respect.