ALLEN, PAULA GUNN

born Oct. 24, 1939, Albuquerque, N.M., U.S. ne Paula Marie Francis American poet, novelist, and scholar whose work combines the influences of feminism and her Native American heritage. Allen's father was Lebanese American, and her mother was part Laguna-Sioux. She left college to marry, divorced in 1962, and returned for further education. She studied English literature (B.A., 1966) and creative writing (M.F.A., 1968) at the University of Oregon, Eugene, and earned a Ph.D. in 1975 from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, concentrating in Native American studies. While completing her doctorate, she published her first book of poetry, The Blind Lion (1974). Married and divorced twice more, Allen began to identify herself as a lesbian. Slowly reclaiming a part of her own heritage, Allen helped establish a Native American literary presence in the United States with several anthologies, including Spider Woman's Granddaughters: Traditional Tales & Contemporary Writing by Native American Women (1989), Voice of the Turtle: American Indian Literature, 19001970 (1994), and Song of the Turtle: American Indian Literature, 19741994 (1996). She also focused on the experiences of Native American women in her own writing. Her first novel, The Woman Who Owned the Shadows (1983), weaves traditional tribal songs, rituals, and legends into the story of a woman of mixed heritage whose struggle for survival is aided by Spider Grandmother, a figure from ancient tribal mythology. In The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions (1986), she argued that feminist and Native American perspectives on life are compatible, claiming that traditional tribal lifestyles were never patriarchal and were generally based on spirit-centered, woman-focused worldviews. Allen edited several general works on Native American writing, including the pioneering Studies in American Indian Literature (1983) and Grandmothers of the Light: A Medicine Woman's Source Book (1991). Her other books of poetry include Coyote's Daylight Trip (1978), Shadow Country (1982), Skins and Bones (1988), and Life Is a Fatal Disease: Collected Poems 19621995 (1997). In addition to writing, Allen taught courses in Native American studies and English.