AMERICAN BRANDS, INC.

American industrial conglomerate that was once the world's largest cigarette maker. It was formed in 1969 as the parent company for the American Tobacco Company (founded 1890). Corporate headquarters are in Old Greenwich, Conn. The history of the American Tobacco Company traces to the post-Civil War period in North Carolina, when a Confederate veteran, Washington Duke, began trading in tobacco. In 1874 he and his sons, Benjamin N. Duke and James Buchanan Duke, built a factory and in 1878 formed the firm of W. Duke, Sons & Co., one of the first tobacco companies to introduce cigarette-manufacturing machines. Entering the cigarette war, the Dukes eventually established the American Tobacco Company in 1890, with James as president. Through mergers and purchases, the Duke brothers eventually acquired corporate control of virtually the entire American tobacco industrysome 150 factories in all. In 1911, however, after five years of litigation, a U.S. Court of Appeals judged this tobacco trust in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and ordered it dissolved. The main manufacturers to emerge, in addition to American, were R.J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, and Lorillard. In 1916 American introduced its most popular cigarette brand, Lucky Strike, and in 1939 it introduced one of the first king-size cigarettes, Pall Mall (an old name reapplied to a new cigarette). The sales of these two brands made American Tobacco the most successful cigarette manufacturer in the 1940s. The company failed to establish equally strong brands of filter cigarettes in the 1950s, however, and by the 1970s it had slipped to a minor position among U.S. tobacco makers. American Tobacco began diversifying in the 1960s with the purchase of Gallaher Ltd., one of the largest tobacco companies in Great Britain. It acquired the Franklin Life Insurance Company in 1979, and its other subsidiaries make Jim Beam whiskey, Master locks, and Acco office supplies. In 1994 American Brands sold its tobacco unit, American Tobacco Company, to the British conglomerate B.A.T. Industries PLC.