ANGEL

primarily in Western religions (i.e., Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), any of numerous benevolent spiritual beings, powers, or principles that mediate between the realm of the sacred (i.e., the transcendent realm) and the profane realm of time, space, and cause and effect. Comparable beings in Eastern religions include the Hindu avatars and the Buddhist bodhisattvas. Functioning as messengers or servants of the deity (the term angel derives from the Greek word for messenger) or as guardians of individuals or nations, angels have been classified into ranks or hierarchies by theologians or philosophical thinkers of the major Western religions, of sects that have become religions in their own right (for example, Druze, a religion that developed from Islam), and of syncretistic movements (for example, Gnosticism, a religious dualistic-belief system that incorporated Jewish, Christian, Iranian, and Hellenistic religious concepts and that viewed matter as evil, the spirit as good, and salvation as being achieved by means of esoteric knowledge, or gnosis). The number of such celestial beings in the rankingsoften 4, 7, or 12was generally based on the theory of planetary spheres in Hellenistic or Iranian astrology or on the hierarchy derived from Oriental monarchical government. In Zoroastrianism, a religion founded by the 6th-century-BC Persian reformer Zoroaster, the amesha spentas, or bounteous immortals, of Ahura Mazda, the Good Lord, are arranged in a hierarchy of seven: Spenta Mainyu (the Holy Spirit), Vohu Manah (Good Mind), Asha (Truth), Armaiti (Right Mindedness), Khshathra Vairya (Kingdom), Haurvatat (Wholeness), and Ameretat (Immortality). In Judaism, the hierarchy of angelsoften called in the Old Testament the hosts of heaven or the company of divine beingsis not strictly defined. In postbiblical Judaismespecially in apocalyptic literature, which describes God's dramatic intervention in historyseven angels, sometimes called archangels, lead the heavenly hosts that in the Talmud (an authoritative compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary) are viewed as countless. These seven, noted in the noncanonical First Book of Enoch (chapter 20), are: Uriel (leader of the heavenly hosts and guardian of sheol, the underworld); Raphael (guardian of human spirits); Raguel (avenger of God against the world of lights); Michael (guardian of Israel); Sariel (avenger of the spirits, who sin in the spirit); Gabriel (ruler of paradise, the seraphim, and the cherubim); and Remiel, also called Jeremiel (guardian of the souls in sheol). Of these, two (Michael and Gabriel) are mentioned in the Old Testament and two others (Raphael and Uriel) in the Apocrypha, a collection of noncanonical works. In rabbinic literature, angels are classified into two basic groupings: higher and lower. Included among the higher group are the cherubim and seraphim, winged guardians of God's throne or chariot, and the ofannim (Hebrew: wheels), all of which are noted in the Old Testament. Among the sectarians associated with the Dead Sea Scrolls, the higher angels include the angels of light, darkness, destruction, and holiness. Christianity developed a hierarchy of angels based on the Judaic tradition. In addition to angels, archangels, seraphim, and cherubim, five other spiritual angelic groupsnamed in the letters of Paul in the New Testamentwere accepted in the church by the 4th century: virtues, powers, principalities, dominions, and thrones. Together they made up a hierarchy or choir of angels. As objects of devotion, special attention has been given to the archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Inheriting concepts of angelology from Judaism and Christianity, Islam also developed a hierarchy of angels. In a descending order of importance are: the four throne bearers of Allah (hamalat al-'arsh), symbolized by a man, a bull, an eagle, and a lion in Islamic legend (which drew from the imagery of the Revelation to John in the New Testament); the cherubim (karubiyun), who praise Allah; four archangels (Jibril, or Gabriel, the revealer; Mikal, or Michael, the provider; 'Izra'il, the angel of death; and Israfil, the angel of the Last Judgment); and lesser angels, such as the hafazah, or guardian angels. Hierarchies of celestial or spiritual beings also were developed among various religions that arose out of the major Western religions, such as the Druzes, and among syncretistic religions, such as Gnosticism, which combined elements of Jewish, Greek, and Christian traditions, and Manichaeism, a dualistic religion that was founded by the 3rd-century-AD Persian reformer Mani. Such religions usually incorporated into their hierarchical concepts aspects of emanation theories, such as aeons or Archons, or of astrology, such as the signs of the zodiac. See also aeon; Archon.