ARZNER, DOROTHY

born Jan. 3, 1897?, San Francisco, Calif., U.S. died Oct. 1, 1979, La Quinta, Calif. American filmmaker who was the only woman directing feature-length studio films in Hollywood during the 1930s. From 1927 to 1943 she was credited with directing 17 films, including Christopher Strong (1933) and Dance, Girl, Dance (1940), both influential works of feminist cinema. Arzner was reared in Los Angeles, where her family owned a Hollywood restaurant frequented by actors and directors. After graduation from high school in 1915, she studied medicine for two years at the University of Southern California, but, disillusioned with the medical profession, she dropped out of school and was hired as a typist for Famous PlayersLasky Corporation (later Paramount Pictures). Arzner quickly moved up from typing scripts to cutting and editing film. By 1922 she had edited 52 films as chief editor for Realart Studio, a subsidiary of Paramount. That same year she impressed Paramount executives with her inventive editingparticularly in the bullfight scenesof the studio's epic Blood and Sand, starring Rudolph Valentino. After working as an editor and a screenwriter for director James Cruze in the mid-1920s, Arzner bargained with Paramount for a chance to direct her first picture, Fashions for Women, which was released in 1927. Two years later she directed Paramount's first talking feature, The Wild Party (1929), for which she created the boom mike, a long pole with a microphone attached that followed the actors around but remained out of camera range, thus giving the actors a mobility that had been prohibited by the stationary microphones previously used. The film was also innovative in that it placed greater emphasis on female friendship and camaraderie than on the usual male-female love story. During the 1930s, Arzner remained the only woman director in Hollywood. Her movies forcefully broke from the conventions of the women's film genre, offering independent, strong-willed female protagonists whose decisions reflect a conflict with stereotypes. She made a handful of significant films. Christopher Strong, which starred Katharine Hepburn as an aviator who falls in love with a married man, is a visually absorbing portrait of a woman living outside of societal conventions. Dance, Girl, Dance, which paired Lucille Ball (in perhaps her finest dramatic role) as a stripper with Maureen O'Hara as an aspiring ballerina, is an unapologetic look at the world of burlesque. In Craig's Wife (1936), an adaptation of a popular play by George Kelly, Arzner tried to create some sympathy for the cold, domineering title character; modern feminist viewers have interpreted Arzner's film as an indictment of a society that limits women solely to domestic roles. Arzner's last film, First Comes Courage (1943), starred Merle Oberon as a Norwegian spy during the Nazi occupation whose sense of self-reliance leads her to forsake the man she loves. After a bout of pneumonia during the filming of First Comes Courage in 1943, Arzner retired from commercial filmmaking and established the first class on filmmaking at the Pasadena (California) Playhouse. She directed training films for the Women's Army Corps during World War II and in the 1950s directed more than 50 Pepsi-Cola commercials for her friend Joan Crawford (then a member of the soft drink firm's board of directors). Arzner also taught a film course at the University of California, Los Angeles, for four years during the 1960s. In 1975 she was honoured by the Directors Guild of America.