BANGALORE

city and capital (since 1830) of Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southern India. It is the nation's seventh-largest city. It lies 3,113 feet (949 m) above sea level atop an east-west ridge in the Karnataka Plateau in the southeastern part of the state, at a cultural meeting point of the Kannada-, Telugu-, and Tamil-speaking peoples. Pleasant winters and tolerable summers make it a popular place of residence, but water supply for its increasing industrial and domestic needs is a problem, because its 36 inches (914 mm) of annual rainfall is inadequate and there are no rivers nearby. The city consists of the closely built old town, together with a number of modern suburbs laid out on a gridiron pattern to the north and south, with many parks and wide streets. A sprawl of military cantonments lies to the east. The city's nucleus was a settlement around a mud fort, built (1537) by a local chief, Kempe Gowda, and constructed of stone in 1761. Bangalore was the headquarters of the British administration from 1831 to 1881, when the raja was restored, but Britain retained an administrative and military presence until 1947. Aircraft, railway-coach, and machine-tool installations in the city are run by the federal government; and the state owns electrical and telephone industries and porcelain and soap factories. Privately owned concerns produce pharmaceuticals, textiles, radio parts, glassware, leather and footwear, agricultural implements, paper, and watches. Situated at the focus of southern India's road system, Bangalore lies on the Varanasi-Kanniyakumari National Highway, is connected by major roads with Bombay and Madras, and is linked to Kerala via Mysore city, through the Nilgiris (hills) and Palghat Gap. It is also a junction for the Southern Railway's broad-gauge line (from Madras) with an extensive metre-gauge system to the north and west. Hindustan Airport, 5 miles (8 km) east, has scheduled flights to and from Bombay, Madras, Mangalore, and Colombo (Sri Lanka). Bangalore University (succeeding the branch of the University of Mysore, founded 1916) was opened in 1964, as was the University of Agricultural Sciences. The city also has several evening colleges and a public library and is the site of the Indian Institute of Science (1909), the Raman Research Institute (1943), the National Aeronautical Research Laboratory (1960), and a division of the National Power Research Institute (1960). Bangalore is also a centre for publishing (newspapers and periodicals) and is the headquarters of the regional radiobroadcasting station. Prominent buildings include the legislative building Vidhana Saudha (1956), the maharaja of Mysore's palace, and the Mysore Government Museum (1866). Notable local scenic spots are the Lal Bagh (a botanic garden laid out in the 18th century), Hesaraghatta Lake, Chamaraja Lake Reservoir, and Nandi (Nandidrug) Hill Station, a summer resort 38 miles (61 km) north, which is the site of two temples to the god Siva (Shiva). The surrounding region is drained by the Arkavati and Kanva rivers, which are tributaries of the Cauvery. Millet and oilseeds are the main crops, and cattle and sheep are grazed. Pop. (1981) city, 2,476,355; metropolitan area, 2,921,751.