BERKELEY, GEORGE

born March 12, 1685, near Dysert Castle, near Thomastown?, County Kilkenny, Ire. died Jan. 14, 1753, Oxford Anglo-Irish Anglican bishop, philosopher, and scientist, best known for his Empiricist philosophy, which holds that everything save the spiritual exists only insofar as it is perceived by the senses. Additional reading The definitive edition of the philosopher's writings is The Works of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, 9 vol. (194857, reprinted in 3 vol., 1979). An informative bibliography is provided in A.A. Luce, The Life of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (1949, reprinted 1968). Other biographical studies include J.M. Hone and M.M. Rossi, Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy (1931); John Wild, George Berkeley: A Study of His Life and Philosophy (1936, reissued 1962); and Edwin S. Gaustad, George Berkeley in America (1979). For broad analyses of Berkeley's philosophy, see Jonathan Dancy, Berkeley, an Introduction (1987); G.A. Johnston, The Development of Berkeley's Philosophy (1923, reprinted 1988); A.A. Luce, Berkeley and Malebranche: A Study in the Origins of Berkeley's Thought (1934, reprinted 1988); Kenneth P. Winkler, Berkeley: An Interpretation (1989); Warren E. Steinkraus (ed.), New Studies in Berkeley's Philosophy (1966, reprinted 1981); George Pitcher, Berkeley (1977, reprinted 1984); and C.B. Martin and D.M. Armstrong, Berkeley: A Collection of Critical Essays (1988). Special studies focusing on particular theories and arguments include D.M. Armstrong, Berkeley's Theory of Vision (1960, reprinted 1988); I.C. Tipton, Berkeley: The Philosophy of Immaterialism (1974, reprinted 1988); Harry M. Bracken, The Early Reception of Berkeley's Immaterialism, 17101733, rev. ed. (1965); A.A. Luce, Berkeley's Immaterialism (1945, reprinted 1968), and The Dialectic of Immaterialism (1963); A.C. Grayling, Berkeley, the Central Arguments (1986); Stephen R.L. Clark (ed.), Money, Obedience, and Affection: Essays on Berkeley's Moral and Political Thought (1989); and Willis Doney, Berkeley on Abstraction and Abstract Ideas (1989).