BERLIN, SIR ISAIAH

born June 6, 1909, Riga, Latvia, Russian Empire [now in Latvia] died Nov. 5, 1997, Oxford, Eng. British philosopher and historian of ideas who was noted for his writings on political philosophy and the concept of liberty. He is regarded as one of the founders of the discipline now known as intellectual history. Berlin and his family emigrated from the Soviet Union to England in 1920. He attended St. Paul's School and then, on scholarship, attended Corpus Christi College, Oxford. A brilliant student, he obtained an M.A. in 1935. In the meantime, Berlin had begun his career as a lecturer in philosophy at New College, Oxford (193238), where he later became a fellow (193850). He taught at All Souls College, Oxford, from 1950 to 1966, was Chichele professor (195767) there, served as president of Wolfson College (196675), and from 1975 was a professor at All Souls College. After World War II, Berlin's interest shifted from his early preoccupation with Analytic philosophy to the fields of political science, political theory, and intellectual history. His first important book was Karl Marx; His Life and Environment (1939; rev. ed. 1959, 1963), an intellectual biography of Marx that was highly praised for its objectivity. Among his other noted works are Historical Inevitability (1955), which stands as a major critique of the doctrines of determinism; The Age of Enlightenment (1956), a discussion of 18th-century philosophers; and Four Essays on Liberty (1969). Berlin's political philosophy is generally concerned with the problem of liberty and free will in increasingly totalitarian and mechanistic societies. Perhaps his most influential book, however, was The Hedgehog and the Fox (1953), in which he divides the world's thinkers into those (the hedgehogs) who, like Aristotle and Shakespeare, knew many things, and those (the foxes) who, like Plato and Dante, knew one big thing. Berlin's essays on various topics were collected in Russian Thinkers (1978), Concepts and Categories (1978), Against the Current (1979), and Personal Impressions (1980). Among his other works are Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (1976) and The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas. (1990). Berlin was knighted in 1957 and was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1971.