BERNHARD, THOMAS

born Sept. 11 or Feb. 9/10, 1931, Cloister Heerland, Neth. died Feb. 12, 1989, Gmunden, Austria Austrian writer who explored death, social injustice, and human misery in controversial literature that was deeply pessimistic about modern civilization in general and Austrian culture in particular. Bernhard was born in a Holland convent, where his Austrian unwed mother had retreated to give birth. After a year, she returned to her parents in Vienna, where her writer-father, Johannes Freumbichler (18811949), became the major influence on Bernhard. After surviving a life-threatening coma and repeated hospitalizations (194851) in tuberculosis sanatoriums, Bernhard studied music and drama in Salzburg and Vienna. He achieved little success with several collections of poetry in the late 1950s, but in 1963 he gained notoriety with his first novel, Frost. In such novels as Verstrung (1967; Derangement, Eng. trans. Gargoyles), Das Kalkwerk (1970; The Lime Works), and Korrektur (1975; Corrections), he combined complex narrative structure with an increasingly misanthropic philosophy. In 1973 Bernhard withdrew his drama Die Berhmten (The Famous) from the prestigious Salzburg Festival because of a controversy over staging. In 1984 his novel Holzfllen (Woodcutters) was seized by police for allegedly criticizing a public figure. Even before its premier in November 1988, Bernhard's last play, Heldenplatz (Heroes' Square), a bleak indictment of anti-Semitism in contemporary Austria, provoked violent protests. His other plays include Ein Fest fr Boris (1968; A Party for Boris), Die Jagdgesellschaft (1974; The Hunting Party), Die Macht der Gewohnheit (1974; The Force of Habit), and Der Schein trgt (1983; Appearances Are Deceiving). Bernhard's memoirs were translated in Gathering Evidence (1985), a compilation of five German works published between 1975 and 1982.