BOEHM, THEOBALD

born April 9, 1794, Munich, Bavaria died Nov. 25, 1881, Munich, Ger. Boehm also spelled Bhm German flutist, composer for the flute, and flute maker whose key mechanism and fingering system were widely adopted by later makers. The son of a goldsmith, Boehm studied flute and became a Munich court musician in 1818. In 1828 he opened a factory in which in 1832 he developed the first so-called Boehm flute, characterized by a system of levers (keys) and rings for controlling the opening and closing of the tone holes. The ring keys allow a finger to close a hole and at the same time, by means of a rod or axle attached to the ring, to activate another key distant from the finger. By using keys it is possible to place the holes where they are acoustically needed and to make them as large as necessary for proper intonation, without regard to the size of the hand. Boehm's original system was improved by many flute makers, notably the Frenchman Auguste Buffet, through whose skill the Boehm system became widely used in the late 1830s. The flute system was accepted readily in France and England but more slowly in Germany. In 1847 Boehm designed and applied his keywork system to the cylindrical flute body and parabolic head joint; the new design was widely accepted and is essentially the modern orchestral flute. A Boehm-system clarinet was exhibited as early as 1839, and Boehm-system oboes are also found. Boehm invented an iron-smelting process that bears his name, as well as an improved piano-stringing design, and he conducted extensive research in acoustics. The degree to which his flute improvements were completely innovative or represent refinements of contemporary developments is a matter of controversy.