BRAZIL, FLAG OF

national flag consisting of a green field (background) with a large yellow diamond incorporating a blue disk with a white band and stars. Its width-to-length ratio is 7 to 10. During the Napoleonic Wars the Portuguese royal family resided in Brazil, which was elevated in status from a Portuguese colony to a kingdom coequal with Portugal. Most of the family returned to Europe in 1821, but the king's elder son, Dom Pedro, remained to rule in Brazil. (For further treatment, see Brazil: The independence of Brazil). On September 7, 1822, he proclaimed the country's independence. The new nation's flag consisted of a green background with a yellow diamond and the imperial coat of arms in the centre, incorporating a star for each of the Brazilian states. It is said that the colours were suggested by Dom Pedro's wife, a descendant of the house of Habsburg. Its imperial colours were black and yellow, whereas the royal house of Bragana, to which Dom Pedro belonged, was symbolized by green. Thus, green and yellow came to be chosen as the Brazilian colours; these colours were also associated with the verdure of the land and with its great mineral wealth, especially gold. A republic was proclaimed in Brazil in 1889, but modifications to the national flag were modest. The green and yellow were retained, but the imperial arms were replaced by a blue disk bearing a white band and a white star for each of the states; the blue and white colours were a reflection of the Portuguese origins of the nation (the two colours are found in Portugal's coat of arms). The Positivist motto on the band, Ordem e progresso, translates as Order and progress. The number of states changed over the years, and consequently the original flag of November 24, 1889, was modified in 1960, 1968, and 1971 before taking its current form on May 12, 1992. The 27 stars of the flag now collectively symbolize Brazil's 26 states and its federal district. Unlike the stars in the U.S. flag, those in the Brazilian flag were not automatically modified when individual territories were raised to statehood. The stars are of different sizes and are arranged to correspond to constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere. Whitney Smith