BRITISH RAILWAYS

byname British Rail, or Britrail, the national railway system of Great Britain, created by the Transport Act of 1947, which inaugurated public ownership of the railroads. The first railroad built in Great Britain was the Stockton and Darlington, opened in 1825. It used a steam locomotive built by George Stephenson and was practical only for hauling mineral trains. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830, was the first modern railroad. It was a public carrier of both passengers and freight. By 1870 Britain had about 13,500 miles (21,700 km) of railroad. At their greatest extent in 1914, there were about 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of track, run by 120 competing companies. The British government combined all these companies into four main groups in 1923 as an economy measure. When World War II began in 1939, Britain's railroads were placed under government control. The Transport Act of 1947 nationalized the railways, which were taken over by the British Transport Commission (BTC) in 1948 and given the name British Railways. The BTC divided Britain's rail network into six (later five) regions on a geographic basis. A 1962 law replaced the BTC with the British Railways Board in 1963. The board's management emphasized mass movement over major trunk lines and the closing of money-losing branch lines and depots. Between 1963 and 1975 the board shortened its routes from 17,500 miles (28,000 km) to 11,000 miles (17,000 km) and cut personnel from about 475,000 to about 250,000. As part of a modernization program, steam locomotives began to be replaced by diesels in the 1950s, and this was followed in the '60s by electrification. The board undertook track reconstruction, installed long, continuously welded rails, and introduced new signaling systems. A computerized freight service was introduced in 1975 through which a central computer in London monitors the movements of 216,000 freight cars. In 196667 the west-coast line from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool was electrified, and in the early 1970s electrification was extended to Glasgow. Track improvements and the High Speed Train (InterCity 125), a diesel train operating at speeds up to 125 miles per hour (210 km per hour), cut travel times between Britain's major cities. The British government passed legislation in 1993 that restructured British Rail prior to selling it off to the private sector. A new state-owned company, Railtrack, was created in 1994 to own and manage the system's track, signals, land, and stations while British Rail itself was split up into about 25 train-operating units that could be franchised to private-sector operators.