BUGINESE

also called Bugis, people of Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia, and their language, belonging to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family. They are the culturally dominant ethnic group of the island and are often linked with the closely related Makasarese. The Buginese population was estimated at 3,310,000 in the late 20th century. Their village economy is based on rice cultivation, but the Buginese are also a maritime people and engage in some interisland trade. The Buginese originated in Makasar, the southwest limb of Celebes, where they were well-known for their adventurism and maritime skill. They levied nominal customs duties in Makasar, which made the city a prosperous trading port. By 1667, however, Makasar had fallen to the Dutch East India Company, and the Buginese began to emigrate from Celebes to places in the Malay Archipelago not yet reached by the Western powers. During the 17th century they established settlements on the Klang and Selangor rivers. By 1710 they had created a Buginese state in Selangor, and by 1722 they had established themselves in Riau. The expansion of the Buginese jeopardized the company's position, especially in the tin trade. By the 1770s Selangor, assisted by Riau, had attacked the Dutch in Malacca. The Buginese leader Raja Haji personally led a fleet to the Malay Peninsula and was killed in June 1784. The Dutch were able to control Riau until the end of the 18th century, when the British intervened; a Malay sultan was restored, and the Dutch garrison was removed from Riau. The Buginese Raja Ali seized power and drove away the Malay sultan, which caused trouble for many years in the Malay world. Conflict between the Buginese and the Malay states weakened both and resulted in the end of Buginese supremacy after 1800. The Buginese were among the early Malay converts to Buddhism who accepted many Indian customs, including a hierarchical society, ranging from the raja at the top through district officers and princes to village heads. Along with these Indian influences came an Indian form of writing in which a rich literature was recorded. Early in the 17th century, however, the Makasarese and Buginese were converted to Islam.