BURIAL MOUND

artificial hill of earth and stones built over the remains of the dead. In England the equivalent term is barrow; in Scotland, cairn; and in Europe and elsewhere, tumulus. In western Europe and the British Isles, burial cairns and barrows date primarily from the Neolithic Period and Early Bronze Age (4000 BCAD 600). The burial chambers in Britain, unlike those of similar structures in the Mediterranean region, were seldom excavated in the soil beneath the barrow but were enclosed within the structure itself. (See barrow.) Burial mounds were a peculiarly prominent feature of the protohistoric period in Japan (3rd6th century AD), which is known as the Tumulus period (q.v.). The mounds, some of which are spectacularly large and impressive, consist of earthen keyhole-shaped mounds surrounded by moats. They were used to bury royalty and prominent members of the aristocracy. One of the largest, the burial site of the 4th-century emperor Nintoku, on the outskirts of the city of Sakai, near Osaka, measures 1,594 feet (486 m) in length and is 115 feet (35 m) high. Burial mounds were characteristic of the Indian cultures of east-central North America from about 1000 BC to AD 700. The most numerous and grandly conceived ones, found in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, were large conical or elliptical mounds surrounded by extensive earthworks. Their builders were once thought to be a distinctive group of peoples (the so-called Mound Builders) that were more culturally advanced than historic Indian tribes, but the mounds are now assigned to the Hopewell and Adena cultures. (See Hopewell culture.) Along the upper Mississippi River and the Great Lakes, some of the later indian mounds are in the shape of animals and other forms. (See effigy mound.)