CALIXTUS

flourished 12th century original name Giovanni di Struma, English John of Struma antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Calixtus was elected as Antipope Paschal III's successor, in opposition to Pope Alexander III. He was Frederick's protg until the Treaty of Anagni (1176), which ended the schism in Alexander's favour with the proviso that Calixtus should have an abbacy to compensate for his deposition. Calixtus ignored the treaty and remained obstinate even after the conclusion of the Peace of Venice (1177) between Frederick and the Lombards. In August 1178, however, he submitted to Alexander, who treated him generously.