CALLAO

city and principal commercial seaport of Peru, located within the 57-square-mile (147-square-kilometre) Callao constitutional provincia, directly west of Lima. The mostly urbanized area of the constitutional province is part of the Lima-Callao metropolitan area. Callao's port has one of the few good natural harbours along the Pacific coast of South America. Located south of the Rmac River, the port's anchorage is protected by the large offshore island of San Lorenzo (a submarine base and naval station) and by a long promontory. The harbour has been given further protection by breakwaters. A modern maritime terminal was opened in 1935; a dry dock, 570 feet (175 m) in length, was constructed in 1938; a major ore and cargo pier and a petroleum jetty were in use by 1969; and further modernization was undertaken in the late 20th century. Callao was founded in 1537 by Francisco Pizarro. As the leading shipping point for the gold and silver taken by the Spanish conquerors from the Inca Empire, the port was frequently assaulted by pirates and European rivals of Spain. It was pillaged by Sir Francis Drake in 1578. A tidal wave following an earthquake demolished the city in 1746, but it was rebuilt about three-quarters of a mile from the original site. Shortly thereafter, an extensive fortification, the Real Felipe fortress, was constructed; it withstood a number of sieges by Spanish forces during the wars of independence. Simn Bolvar landed there in 1823, and three years later it was the scene of the final surrender of Spain. The first railroad in South America was opened between Callao and Lima in 1851. The city was bombarded by a Spanish fleet in 1866; and in 1881, during the War of the Pacific, it was occupied by Chilean forces, who restored it to Peru in 1883 under the Treaty of Ancn. Rebuilding of the city and port was necessary after a severe earthquake in 1940. Leading exports from Callao include minerals, refined metals, fish meal, and fish oil; chief imports include wheat, machinery, and lumber. Notable among the city's many and varied industries are breweries, shipbuilding yards, and fish-meal factories. Agricultural products grown in the province are chiefly for the local market and include vegetables, fruits, and corn (maize). The constitutional province has few cultural or architectural attractions. It is the site of the Jorge Chvez International Airport and of the national military and naval schools and a technical university. Pop. (1984 est.) constitutional province, 491,000; LimaCallao metropolitan area, 5,887,600.