CARISSIMI, GIACOMO

(baptized April 18, 1605, Marino, near Rome d. Jan. 12, 1674, Rome), one of the greatest Italian composers of the 17th century, chiefly notable for his oratorios and secular cantatas. Following brief appointments at Tivoli and Assisi, Carissimi settled in Rome in the late 1620s as director of music at the Church of Sant'Apollinare and retained this post until he died. Although not an operatic composer, Carissimi helped to satisfy the Italians' enthusiasm for opera by making its pastoral or dramatic content available in the home and in the church through his numerous oratorios and cantatas. His 16 oratorios on Old Testament subjects were substitute operas that could be performed during Lent, when operas were forbidden. Those episodes in which the narrative is interrupted and the characters express emotions, as in opera, show Carissimi's basic interest and talents. In his cantatas he consolidated the pioneer work of Luigi Rossi, but in oratorio he was himself a pioneer. Carissimi's works are marked by emotional balance and an ideal fusion of the lyrical and the dramatic, and when working on a large scale his pronounced feeling for tonality prevents any tendency to diffuseness. His genius is well displayed in his oratorio Jephtha, lasting about 20 minutes, where both solo narrator and chorus act as commentators and the latter also take the roles of opposing groups in the story. George Frideric Handel expanded this basic scheme in his oratorios. Carissimi greatly influenced later music not only through his compositions but also through his numerous pupils. A renewed interest in the music of Carissimi has resulted in performances of some of his oratorios, including The Judgment of Solomon, Baltazar, and Judicium Extremum.