CARLSON, EVANS

born Feb. 26, 1896, Sidney, N.Y., U.S. died May 27, 1947, Plymouth, Conn. in full Evans Fordyce Carlson U.S. Marine officer during World War II who led guerrilla fighters (Carlson's Raiders) on daring military incursions in the Pacific area. Carlson ran away from home to enlist in the U.S. Army at age 16. During World War I he was made a captain and served as assistant adjutant general on the staff of General John J. Pershing in France and Germany and in the army of occupation (191719). He returned to civilian life in 1920 but enlisted as a private in the Marines in 1922, being commissioned a second lieutenant the following year. Carlson first served in China from 1927 to 1929 and returned in 1937 to spend nearly two years as an observer of the Chinese armies, including nearly a year with guerrillas behind Japanese lines. Back in the United States, he wrote and lectured extensively on the peril of Japanese expansionism in Southeast Asia. He warned against sending such war materials as scrap steel to a potential enemy and described the Chinese potential for resisting Japanese attack. In 1941 Carlson became commander of the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion (Carlson's Raiders) and, using his experience in China to train the group, led it in a surprise attack on Makin Island in the Gilberts (August 1942) as well as in a month-long raid beyond Japanese lines on Guadalcanal (November). His leadership was characterized by extraordinary personal courage and endurance and unusual democratic discussion within the ranks. The morale of his men was among the highest in the armed forces; to friends he referred to his group as the Kung-Ho (Work Together), or Gung-Ho, Battalion. Malaria and wounds forced his retirement from active service in 1946, at which time he held the rank of brigadier general.