CASTILLA, RAMN

born Aug. 27, 1797, Tarapac, Peru died May 25, 1867, Arica, Chile soldier and statesman who, as president or as the power behind the scene, dominated Peruvian politics for nearly 20 years. A conservative himself, he wisely offered concessions to all sectors of Peruvian society and provided the nation with a long period of political stability and economic progress. As a young man he fought for the Spaniards until he was captured by the Chilean patriots. He then fought against the Spaniards in Peru, performing heroically with Jos de San Martn and Simn Bolvar. In the anarchy that followed the death of Pres. Agustn Gamarra in 1841, Castilla assumed power and was elected president the following year (1845). He served until 1851 and then overthrew the next president, Jos Rufino Echenique, in 1855, to rule until 1862. When Castilla seized power, Peru had been racked by disorder and rebellions for almost 20 years. A strong and skillful leader, he had the good fortune to be in power when Peru's huge supplies of guano and sodium nitrate were discovered. The income from these resources helped him bring about economic improvements, reduce the nation's debt, build schools, improve transportation, and foster domestic business. He also abolished Negro slavery and the head tax on Indians, and, although he was a strong supporter of the church, he eliminated the church courts and the compulsory tithe. In 1860 he supported Peru's new constitution, which narrowed the franchise, gave wide powers to the president, and recognized the Roman Catholic Church exclusively; it remained in force until 1920. When Castilla's paternal despotism ended in 1862, the nation once again lapsed into 20 years of chaos and rebellion.