VIDELA, JORGE RAFAL

born Aug. 2, 1925, Mercedes, Arg. career military officer who was president of Argentina from 1976 to 1981. His government was responsible for human-rights abuses during Argentina's dirty war, which began as an attempt to suppress terrorism but resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians. The son of an army colonel, Videla graduated from the National Military College in 1944 and was commissioned in the Argentinian army. He rose steadily through the ranks, becoming a brigadier general by 1971. Videla was appointed chief of the Army General Staff in 1973, and in 1975 President Isabel Pern, under pressure from the military establishment, appointed him commander in chief. From this position he began a reorganization of the military leadership, removing officers sympathetic to Peronism. In 1975 he led an army campaign against the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) in Tucumn province, which resulted in the death of hundreds of Marxist guerrillas. After leading the military coup that deposed Isabel Pern on March 24, 1976, Videla became president of Argentina as head of a three-man (later a five-man) military junta including General Orlando Ramn Agosti and Admiral Eduardo Emilio Massera. As Argentina's new president, Videla faced a government riddled by corruption, a collapsing economy racked by soaring inflation, and a society under armed assault from both left-wing guerrillas such as the ERP and right-wing Peronist groups. Videla suspended Congress and vested legislative powers in a nine-man military commission; halted the functioning of the courts, political parties, and labour unions; and filled all key government posts with military personnel. Hundreds of persons suspected of being left-wing guerrillas were arrested by the military and its right-wing allies in the last week of March 1976 alone, and thousands more disappeared over the next few years, apparently murdered. Videla also took measures to restore economic growth, reversing Peronism in favour of a free-market economy. His economic measures were moderately successful, but his continued campaign against the left elicited strong international criticism, particularly after he broadened the scope of political arrests and executions to include journalists, educators, and intellectuals. The official estimate of those killed was 9,000, but other sources estimate that between 15,000 and 30,000 people were killed by the military and right-wing death squads during Videla's presidency, and many others suffered torture and imprisonment. Videla retired in 1981 and was succeeded by General Roberto Viola. After Argentina returned to civilian rule in December 1983, charges were brought against various former junta leaders for the human-rights abuses committed by the military during the dirty war. Videla was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1985. He was pardoned by Argentinian president Carlos Sal Menem in 1990. In June 1998, however, Federal Judge Jorge Marquevich determined that this pardon did not apply to charges that had surfaced after 1990. Videla and other former military officers were charged with the abduction of children born to prisoners during the dirty war. It was alleged that these children had been taken from their parents, had their identities changed, and then were placed for adoption to couples with military connections.