CH'IEN-LUNG

born Sept. 25, 1711, China died Feb. 7, 1799, Peking Pinyin Qian-long, temple name (miao-hao) Kao-tsung, posthumous name (shih) Ch'un Ti, original name Hung-li fourth emperor of the Ch'ing (Manchu) dynasty, whose reign (1735-96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to northeastern China (1755-60), enlarged his empire by creating the New Province (modern Sinkiang), and reinforced Chinese authority in the south and east. Additional reading Arthur W. Hummel (ed.), Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644-1912), vol. 1 (1943, reissued 1972), contains a scholarly article on Hung-li. See also E. Backhouse and J.O. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (from the 16th to the 20th Century) (1914, reprinted 1970); Hope Danby, The Garden of Perfect Brightness: The History of the Yan Ming Yan and of the Emperors Who Lived There (1950); Luther Carrington Goodrich, The Literary Inquisition of Ch'ien-lung, 2nd ed., corrected (1966); Sven Hedin, Jehol: City of Emperors (1932); Carroll Brown Malone, History of the Peking Summer Palaces Under the Ch'ing Dynasty (1934, reprinted 1966); and Harold L. Kahn, Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes: Image and Reality in the Ch'ien-lung Reign (1971).