CHIA-CH'ING

born Nov. 13, 1760, Peking died Sept. 2, 1820, Jehol [now Ch'eng-te], Hopeh province, China Pinyin Jiaqing (reign title), personal name (Wade-Giles romanization) Yung-yen, posthumous name (shih) Jui-ti, temple name (Ch'ing) Jen-tsung fifth emperor (reigned 1796-1820) of the Ch'ing dynasty, during whose reign a partial attempt was made to restore the flagging state of the empire. He was proclaimed emperor and assumed the reign title of Chia-ch'ing in 1796, after the abdication of his father, the Ch'ien-lung emperor (reigned 1735-96). Power, however, remained in the hands of his father and his corrupt minister Ho-shen until 1799; the Chia-ch'ing emperor's duties were confined to directing ceremonial functions. Meanwhile, the great White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) had broken out in central and western China. Under Ho-shen's management, the campaign was prolonged so that he and his friends could embezzle money meant for the war effort. The Ch'ien-lung emperor died in 1799, and Chia-ch'ing immediately ordered Ho-shen's arrest and forced him to commit suicide. Capable generals were appointed to quell the rebellion, but it took the depleted Ch'ing armies five more years to put it down. Pirates had begun to infest the southern coast, nearly stopping trade; almost 10 years (1800-10) were required to suppress them. After the death of his father and the arrest of Ho-shen, the Chia-ch'ing emperor made efforts to restore the finances of the Imperial treasury; but he was not a strong ruler and rather than cut down on the rampant official corruption, he attempted to hold down the expenses of the court-a program that rankled members of the Imperial family. Although this policy was partly successful in refilling the treasury, it did not deal with mounting governmental ineffectiveness. In fact, corruption may even have increased as a result of the practice of selling high office as a means of collecting more revenue. In addition, the burden of taxes on the people remained high. In 1803 the emperor was attacked by a mob in the streets, and in 1813 a band of conspirators attempted to storm the palace. Chia-ch'ing died one of the most unpopular emperors of the Ch'ing dynasty.