CHOCOLATE

food product made from cocoa beans, consumed as candy and used to make beverages and as a flavouring ingredient or coating for various confections and bakery products. Rich in carbohydrates, it is an excellent source of quick energy and also contains minute amounts of the stimulating alkaloids theobromine and caffeine. At the court of Montezuma, the Aztec ruler of Mexico, in 1519, Hernn Corts was served xocoatl, a bitter cocoa-bean drink, which he introduced to Spain. Sweetened, flavoured with cinnamon and vanilla, and served hot, the beverage remained a Spanish secret for almost a hundred years before its introduction to France. In 1657 a Frenchman opened a shop in London, at which solid chocolate for making the beverage could be purchased at 10 to 15 shillings a pound. At this price only the wealthy could afford to drink it, and there appeared in London, Amsterdam, and other European capitals fashionable chocolate houses, some of which later developed into famous clubs. About 1700 the English improved chocolate by the addition of milk. The reduction of the cost of the beverage was hampered in Great Britain by the imposition of high import duties on the raw cocoa bean, and it was not until the mid-19th century, when the duty was lowered to a uniform rate of 1 penny a pound, that chocolate became popular. Chocolate manufacture started in the American colonies in 1765 at Dorchester, Mass., using beans brought in by New England sea captains from their voyages to the West Indies. James Baker financed the first mill, which was operated by an Irish immigrant, John Hanan. Waterpower was used for grinding the beans. Chocolate is made from the kernels of fermented and roasted cocoa beans. The kernels are ground to form a paste called chocolate liquor, which may be hardened in molds to form baking (bitter) chocolate; pressed to reduce the cocoa butter (vegetable fat) content and then pulverized to make cocoa powder; or mixed with sugar and additional cocoa butter to make sweet (eating) chocolate, developed by the English firm of Fry and Sons in 1847. Coating chocolate for use on candies and biscuits (cookies) came into use soon afterward. The addition of concentrated milk to sweet chocolate produces milk chocolate, introduced by Daniel Peter of Switzerland in 1876. See cacao.