CHRISTIANS OF SAINT THOMAS

also called Malabar Christians, four major Christian groups-Syro-Malabar, Syro-Malankara, Syrian Jacobite, and Mar Thomite-living in the state of Kerala along the Malabar Coast of southwestern India, who claim to have been Christianized by the apostle St. Thomas. The origins of the Christians of St. Thomas are uncertain, though they seem to have been in existence before the 6th century AD and probably derive from the missionary activity of the East Syrian (Nestorian) Church-which held that, in effect, the two natures of Christ were two persons, somehow joined in a moral union-centred at Ctesiphon. Despite their geographic isolation, they retained the Chaldean liturgy and Syriac language and maintained fraternal ties with the Babylonian (Baghdad) patriarchate; their devotional practices also included Hindu religious symbolism, vestiges of their early religion. Several mass migrations of Syrian Christians to the Malabar Coast (9th century) also strengthened their ties with the Middle East. Contact with Rome was infrequent until the arrival of Portuguese missionaries in the early 16th century. The Portuguese, after initial professions of friendship, started a concerted effort to subject the Malabar Church to Roman obedience, replacing the local bishops with Portuguese ones and Latinizing the Malabar liturgy. In 1599 the Synod of Diamper, convened by the Portuguese archbishop Aleixo de Meneses, removed the Malabarese from the jurisdiction of the Chaldean (Nestorian) patriarch in India and placed them under the Latin-rite Portuguese; Latinized the liturgy; decreed priestly celibacy; and introduced the Inquisition. Consequently, the majority of the Christians of St. Thomas left Roman rule in 1653, swearing never to submit to Portuguese domination. When the news of the rebellion reached Rome, Pope Alexander VII sent the Syrian bishop Sebastiani at the head of a Carmelite delegation to Malabar in 1661 and established a hierarchy of Chaldean (formerly Nestorian) rite under Rome. By 1662 most of the Christians of St. Thomas (84 of 116 communities) had returned to Roman obedience (the Syro-Malabar); the rest joined the Syrian Jacobite (Monophysite) Church, brought to Malabar in 1665 by Bishop Gregorios from Jerusalem. The Jacobites adopted the Western Syrian language and Antiochene liturgy in their church. At the close of the 18th century, some of them fell under the influence of Anglican missionaries and established the Mar Thomite Church, which introduced many doctrinal and liturgical changes of a Western Protestant character. In 1930 the Syro-Malankara Church came into being as an Eastern rite of the Catholic Church when a large group of Jacobites under the leadership of Archbishop Mar Ivanios reunited with Rome; they were allowed to maintain their Antiochene liturgy.