CLEMENT XIII

born March 7, 1693, Venice died Feb. 2, 1769, Rome original name Carlo Rezzonico pope from 1758 to 1769. In 1716 Rezzonico he was ordained and appointed governor of Rieti, in the Papal States, becoming governor of Fano in 1721. He then served numerous church offices and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XII in 1737. On July 6, 1758, he was elected pope at a time when anti-Romanism amid European princes was revealed most explicitly in the Bourbons' plan to destroy the Society of Jesus, then at the peak of its influence. Concurrently, the anti-Roman movement received further impetus from the spread of Febronianism, a German doctrine claiming to restrict papal power and akin to its French counterpart, Gallicanism. In 1764 Clement condemned Febronianism and on May 21 promulgated a brief that commanded all German bishops to suppress it. The papal condemnation met with a mixed reception, however. The Jesuit issue dominated Clement's pontificate and that of his successor, Clement XIV. He did everything in his power to save the Jesuits from the Bourbon absolutists, who confederated with the Jansenists (advocates of a heretical doctrine deemphasizing freedom of the will and teaching that redemption through Christ's death is open to some but not all) and the Freemasons, whose beliefs and observances were considered pagan and unlawful by the Roman Catholic Church. The greatest opposition came from countries where, for 200 years, the Jesuits had been strongest: Spain, France, and Portugal. The statesmen of those countries believed that an attack on the church was the best way to uphold the political status quo. The Jesuits, because of their intimate connection with the papacy, became the immediate target. During Clement's reign, the Jesuits were ruthlessly expelled successively from Portugal (1759), France and the French dominions (1764), Spain and the Spanish dominions (1767), and the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily and the duchy of Parma (1768). Their property was confiscated, and their flourishing missions in India, the Far East, and North and South America were ruined. Clement received the destitute exiles into the Papal States, but their enemies pursued. In January 1769 the ambassadors of Spain, Naples, and France personally demanded that Clement completely suppress the Society of Jesus throughout the world. He refused, despite their threat to form national churches independent of Rome, and, shortly afterward, he suffered a stroke and died.