CLEVELAND

city, seat (1836) of Bradley county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S., 26 miles (42 km) east-northeast of Chattanooga. Established in 1836 following the agreement for the evacuation of the area by the Cherokee Indians, the community was named after Colonel Benjamin Cleveland, a Revolutionary War commander. During the American Civil War, Union generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman had headquarters in Cleveland. The city's economy is based on agriculture (vegetables, strawberries, cotton, and wheat) and industry. Manufactures include gas and electric ranges, furniture, textiles, clothing, chemicals, batteries, and masonry items. Cleveland is the headquarters for the Cherokee National Forest, site of the Ocoee dams, a few miles southeast. The Church of God operates Lee College (1918) and has its national headquarters in the city. Cleveland State Community College opened in 1967. Inc. town, 1838; city, 1893. Pop. (1990) 30,354; (1994 est.) 33,718. city, seat (1810) of Cuyahoga county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It is a major St. Lawrence Seaway port on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. Greater Cleveland sprawls along the lake for about 90 miles (145 km) and runs 25 miles (40 km) inland, encompassing Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, and Medina counties and more than 70 suburban communities, including Lakewood, Parma, Shaker Heights, Cleveland Heights, East Cleveland, Euclid, Garfield Heights, and Rocky River. Most of the city is on a plain that rises 6080 feet (1825 metres) above the lake and is divided by a half-mile-wide valley locally known as the Flats. Before the arrival of the English, the French and Indians had established trading posts in the lower Cuyahoga valley. In 1786, after the American Revolutionary War, when the Ohio country was opened for settlement, Connecticut reserved 3.5 million acres (1.4 million hectares) of land (the Western Reserve) in northeastern Ohio. Moses Cleaveland, from the Connecticut Land Company, arrived with surveyors in 1796 to speed up the sale of land. Two months later the plan for the town of Cleaveland was completed. (In 1832 an a in Cleaveland was dropped to shorten a newspaper's masthead.) The city's growth was slow until the completion in 1825 of New York state's Erie Canal opened a water route between Lake Erie and the Atlantic; Ohio then constructed its first canal, to connect Lake Erie and the Ohio River (completed 1830). A decade later, railroads increased the community's commercial and industrial activity. When St. Mary's Falls Canal (Soo Canal) between Lakes Superior and Huron was opened in 1855, Cleveland became Lake Erie's transshipment point for lumber, copper and iron ore, and rail shipments of coal and farm produce. The American Civil War provided the initial stimulus for iron and steel processing, fabrication of metals, oil refining (John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil there), and chemical manufacturing. Suburban trains were developed at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s Cleveland had the appearance of a modern metropolis, with main arteries converging on its Public Square, dominated by the 708-foot (216-metre) Terminal Tower. Rapid-transit lines now extend to Shaker Heights (southeast) and to the Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (southwest). The city's Hough district was the scene in 1966 of violent racial disorders. The following year Carl B. Stokes became the first black to be elected mayor of a U.S. city of this size. The late 20th century was marked by a decline in heavy manufacturing and population and by budgetary problems. Heavy industry is basic to the city's economy. Manufactures are highly diversified and include primary steel, aluminum and steel products, enamelware, hardware, appliances, machine tools, tractor and motor vehicles, petrochemicals, electronic equipment, and airplane parts. Over 400 medical and industrial research centres are headquartered in the area, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lewis Research Center. Educational facilities include Case Western Reserve University (1967; a federation of Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University ), Cleveland Institute of Art (1882), Cleveland Institute of Music (1920), Cuyahoga Community College (1962), Cleveland State University (1964; formerly Fenn College ), and two Roman Catholic CollegesNotre Dame College (1923) and Ursuline College (1871). John Carroll University (1886, Roman Catholic) is in suburban University Heights. Developed under a 20-year master plan, University Circle encompasses more than 30 cultural and religious institutions in a 488-acre (197-hectare) site near Case Western Reserve University. Included are the Cleveland Museum of Art, Severance Hall (home of the Cleveland Orchestra), the Western Reserve Historical Society Museum and Library, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland Health Museum, Allen Memorial Medical Library, and several parks. The park system includes the Cleveland Zoo and international horticultural displays. The Mall in the heart of the city, near the lakefront, includes city, county, and federal office buildings, the Public Library (in holdings one of the largest city libraries in the nation), and the Public Auditorium and Convention Center. Cleveland Stadium is home to the National Football League (NFL) Cleveland Browns. Jacobs Field (for the Cleveland Indians professional baseball team) and Cavs Gund Arena (for the Cleveland Cavaliers professional basketball team) opened in 1994. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, designed by I.M. Pei, was constructed in the mid-1990s. During the 1960s and '70s much of the downtown area was rebuilt. Inc. city, 1836. Pop. (1993 est.) city, 505,730; (1992 est.) Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria PMSA, 2,221,000; Cleveland-Akron CMSA, 2,890,000. region and former administrative county, northeastern England, along the River Tees and the North Sea. The region comprises parts of the historic counties of Durham and Yorkshire to the north and south of the Tees, respectively. It is divided administratively into the following unitary authorities: Hartlepool, Stockton-on-Tees, Middlesbrough, and Redcar and Cleveland. At the core of the region is the metropolitan area of Teesside, which incorporates the urban areas of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and the western portion of Redcar and Cleveland.