COOKE, SAM

born Jan. 22, 1931, Clarksdale, Miss., U.S. died Dec. 11, 1964, Los Angeles, Calif. Sam Cooke. byname of Samuel Cook American singer, songwriter, producer, and entrepreneur. Cooke is a major figure in the history of popular music and, along with Ray Charles, one of the most influential black vocalists of the post-World War II period. If Charles represents raw soul, Cooke symbolizes sweet soul. To his many celebrated disciplesSmokey Robinson, James Taylor, and Michael Jackson among themhe is viewed as an icon of unrivaled stature. Cooke's career came in two phases. As a member of the groundbreaking Soul Stirrers, a premier gospel group of the 1950s, he electrified the African-American church community nationwide with a light, lilting vocal style that soared rather than thundered. Nearer to Thee (1955), Touch the Hem of His Garment (1956), and Jesus, Wash Away My Troubles (1956) were major gospel hits and, in the words of Aretha Franklin, perfectly chiseled jewels. Cooke's decision to turn his attention to pop music in 1957 had tremendous implications in the black musical community. There long had been a taboo against such a move, but Cooke broke the mold. He reinvented himself as a romantic crooner in the manner of Nat King Cole. His strength was in his smoothness. He wrote many of his best songs himself, including his first hit, the ethereal You Send Me, which shot to number one on all charts in 1957 and established Cooke as a superstar. While other rhythm-and-blues artists stressed visceral sexuality, Cooke was essentially a spiritualist, even in the domain of romantic love. When he did sing dance songsTwistin' the Night Away (1962), Shake (1965)he did so with a delicacy theretofore unknown in rock music. Cooke also distinguished himself as an independent businessman, heading his own publishing, recording, and management firms. He broke new ground by playing nightclubs, such as the Copacabana in New York City, previously off-limits to rhythm-and-blues acts. The tragedy of his demise in 1964he was shot to death at age 33 by a motel manageris shrouded in mystery. But the mystery has done nothing to damage the strength of his legacy. A Change Is Gonna Come (1965) remains his signature song, an anthem of hope and boundless optimism that expresses the genius of his poetry and sweetness of his soul. Cooke was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. David Ritz Additional reading Daniel Wolff et al., You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke (1995), is an informative biography. Representative Works: Jesus Paid the Debt/Blessed Be the Name of the Lord (1953) Touch the Hem of His Garment/Jesus, Wash My Troubles Away (1956) Encore (1958) Sam Cooke (1958) Tribute to the Lady (1959) Twistin' the Night Away (1962) Live at the Harlem Square Club (1963) Mr. Soul (1963) Ain't That Good News (1964) Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964) Shake! (1965)