COVENANTER

any of the Scottish Presbyterians who at various crises during the 17th century subscribed to bonds or covenants, notably to the National Covenant (1638; q.v.) and to the Solemn League and Covenant (1643; q.v.), in which they pledged to maintain their chosen forms of church government and worship. After the signing of the National Covenant, the Scottish Assembly abolished episcopacy and in the Bishops' Wars of 1639 and 1640 fought to maintain their religious liberty. The financial difficulties into which these wars brought the crown led to the English Civil War. Subsequently, by the Solemn League and Covenant (September 1643), the Scots pledged their assistance to the parliamentarian party in England on the condition that the Anglican Church would be reformed. The Covenanter army thereafter took part in the English Civil War and received Charles I's surrender in 1646. In December 1647, however, Charles agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant and secured military assistance from the Scots. They also fought for Charles II, who signed the covenant in June 1650. In both campaigns they were defeated by the English. The religious settlement forced upon Scotland by Commonwealth rule failed to satisfy the more rigid Presbyterians. The restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, however, began the Covenanters' period of martyrdom. All legal sanctions of Presbyterianism were removed, episcopacy was reestablished, and covenants were denounced as unlawful oaths. For 25 years the Covenanters suffered brutal persecution, and three rebellions (1666, 1679, 1685) were cruelly suppressed. After the English Revolution of 1688 an ecclesiastical settlement reestablished Presbyterian church government in Scotland but did not renew the covenants.