CUMMINS, ALBERT BAIRD

born Feb. 15, 1850, Carmichaels, Pa., U.S. died July 30, 1926, Des Moines, Iowa American lawyer, state governor, and U.S. senator, a noted progressive during the first quarter of the 20th century. Educated at Waynesburg (Pa.) College, Cummins studied surveying, worked in railroad construction, and then studied law in Chicago, practicing there for three years. In 1878 he moved to Des Moines and soon became its leading lawyer. Beginning in the Iowa House of Representatives in 1888, he served the Republicans as state central committee chairman (189296), member of the national committee (18961900), and delegate to four national conventions. Between 1902 and 1908 he was elected governor for three terms in succession and became the recognized spokesman for Iowa's progressive Republicans. These progressives owed nothing to populism; the leaders, successful urban businessmen, wanted political power and a new moral tone in Iowa government. Cummins' three terms brought further regulation of the railroads, abolition of the free-pass system, and enactment of a senatorial primary law. In 1908 he became U.S. senator and with Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver fought the progressive fight against the archconservative Senator Nelson W. Aldrich. Cummins opposed President Woodrow Wilson on the arming of merchantmen in 1917 and on the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920 the Esch-Cummins Act provided for the return of the railroads to private controlafter their government operation during the warbut did not include Cummins' plan for consolidation of the roads into a few national, truly competitive companies. His last years were embittered by the rebellion of his erstwhile lieutenant, Smith W. Brookhart, who defeated him in the Republican primary election for U.S. senator in June 1926.