DAMSELFLY

(suborder Zygoptera) any of a group of predatory, aerial insects closely related to and often collectively called dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera). Like dragonflies, they are found mainly near shallow, freshwater habitats and are graceful fliers with slender bodies and long, filmy, net-veined wings. Damselflies are generally smaller, more delicate, and fly weakly in comparison with dragonflies, and their colours can be stunningly vivid. Both are members of the insect order Odonata. Wingspans among the 2,600 damselfly species range from 18 mm (0.71 inch) to about 19 cm (7.5 inches) in Megaloprepus caerulatus, a giant damselfly of tropical Central and South America. Odonate life cycle. Click each stage to view details. Damselflies can usually be distinguished from dragonflies by their thinner, needlelike abdomens and by the way they hold their wings when at rest. With few exceptions, damselflies hold their wings vertically and together, rather than horizontally and spread apart. Also, the four wings are almost identical, including the vein patterns. The large eyes of damselflies differ from those of dragonflies in that they are always widely separated, rather than close together or touching each other. Like those of dragonflies, the young damselfliescalled larvae or sometimes nymphsare, with very few exceptions, aquatic predators of freshwater habitats such as ponds, streams, and even tree holes. The larvae capture prey by shooting out the long, hinged lower lip, or mask. A damselfly larva is distinguishable from a dragonfly larva by its breathing apparatus, which is not visible externally on dragonfly larvae but among damselflies usually takes the form of three leaflike gills at the tip of the abdomen. Depending on the species, these structures vary in shape and are used for communicating, detecting stimuli, adhering to surfaces, or swimming and defense. After emerging from the larval stage, the damselfly takes to the air to feed and mate. The adults prey in flight, mainly on small insects. They are indiscriminate feeders except for the members of one family (Pseudostigmatidae), all species of which are specialists that pluck spiders from their webs. In some species mating is preceded by elaborate courtship by the male. In two families the male hovers in front of the female while displaying his brightly coloured wings, abdomen, or legs, sometimes in combination. To mate, damselflies join together in the wheel position and commonly fly in tandem this way. Afterward, the male will usually remain attached to the female as she lays eggs. When doing so he retains his grip on the front portion of the female's thorax, using claspers located at the tip of his abdomen. Female damselflies normally use a bladelike ovipositor to place eggs inside plant tissue. Several species frequently lay eggs under water, the female at times remaining submerged for an hour or more. A male, usually her last mate, often waits above and may help her rise from the water after she surfaces. Additional reading Books Philip S. Corbet, Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata (1999), a definitive and well-illustrated source of information covering both dragonflies and damselflies.Ross E. Hutchins, The World of Dragonflies and Damselflies (1969), in addition to basic biological information, includes discussion of fossil ancestors and suggestions for collecting, identifying, and studying odonates.Minter J. Westfall, Jr., and Michael L. May, Damselflies of North America (1996).Rod Preston-Mafham and Ken Preston-Mafham, The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour (1993), pp. 3542, includes a detailed discussion of odonate reproductive behaviour, in addition to other topics briefly touched upon. Video documentaries The Dragon & the Damsel (1983), written and produced by Pelham Aldrich-Blake. Narrated by Sir David Attenborough as part of the BBC natural history series Wildlife on One. Dragonfly (1988), produced by NHK Japan and TVOntario as part of the Nature Watch series.