DEBRECEN

since 1876, the seat of Hajd-Bihar megye (county), and one of five Hungarian cities having county status. One of the most important cities in eastern Hungary, Debrecen is situated on the southwestern extremity of the sandy plain of the Nyrsg region and on the eastern end of the Hortobgy puszta (steppe). It has a long history as a market centre and as a religious, political, and cultural arena. Chartered in the 14th century, it became prominent during and after the Turkish period of occupation. The Debrecen fairs, noted for horses and livestock, were a famous feature of the Middle Ages, and the city became one of the richest and most influential Hungarian cities. It was long known as the Calvinist Rome because of its importance to the reformed creeds in east-central Europe. It houses Hungary's oldest printing press, which has been operating since 1561. The independence of Hungary from the Habsburgs was proclaimed in the city by Lajos Kossuth, leader of the revolutionary government, in 1849; that revolt was subsequently quelled and the city itself captured by interventionist Russian troops. During World War II, as German troops retreated westward before the Soviet armies in 194445, Debrecen became briefly the seat of the interim Hungarian government. The city moats were filled in the 19th century, and the curving side streets on the old town perimeter recall the fortification lines. On the former marketplace, now Kossuth Square, stands the impressive Reformtus Nagytemplom (Great Reformed Church). This parklike square is dominated by Kossuth's statue. In the city there is also the Dri Mzeum, the Mihly Csokonai Theatre, and some interesting old residences, in addition to several churches and a large bathing establishment. Debrecen has three universities: Lajos Kossuth University (1912), originally a Protestant college founded in 1550; the University Medical School of Debrecen (founded 1918; independent 1951); and the Agricultural University of Debrecen (1868). The railway station was rebuilt in 1962. The city's airport and the many roads and railroads converging on Debrecen have supported trade and industrial development in pharmaceuticals, furniture, and ball-bearing manufacture. Local craftsmanship continues in pottery, bootmaking, and handmade coats (szurs). Pop. (1990) 212,247; (1994 est.) 217,706.