DUJARDIN, FLIX

(b. April 5, 1801, Tours, Fr.d. April 8, 1860, Rennes), French biologist and cytologist, noted for his studies in the classification of protozoans and invertebrates. Largely self-educated, Dujardin was appointed to the chair of geology and mineralogy on the faculty of sciences at the University of Toulouse (1839) and professor of botany and zoology and dean of the faculty of sciences at the University of Rennes (1840). His studies of infusoria (microscopic animal life frequently found in infusions of decaying organic materials) led Dujardin in 1834 to propose a new group of one-celled animals (called protozoans) that he called the Rhizopoda (meaning rootfeet). In the group Foraminifera, he observed the seemingly formless life substance that exuded outward through openings in the calcareous shell and named the substance sarcode, later known as protoplasm. This work led him in 1835 to refute the theory (reintroduced by Christian Ehrenberg) that microscopic organisms have the same organs as higher animals. He also studied cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish and corals) and echinoderms (e.g., starfish); his study of helminths (flatworms) laid the foundation for the later development of parasitology.