ERARD, SEBASTIEN

born April 5, 1752, Strasbourg, Fr. died Aug. 5, 1831, near Passy French piano and harp maker whose improvements in both instruments were largely responsible for their modern forms. The son of a cabinetmaker, rard was apprenticed to a harpsichord builder in Paris; there, about 1775, he invented a mechanical harpsichord and earned the patronage of the Duchess of Villeroi. At a workshop on her estate he made the first French square piano (1777; a piano with a rectangular case and horizontal stringing). Thereafter, with his brother Jean-Baptiste, he opened his first shop, and success led to the opening of a London branch in 1786. Eventually the business passed to Sbastien's nephew Pierre, who continued to enhance the firm's reputation with mechanical innovations. Among the rard inventions were a novel grand piano action (key mechanism) that allowed quicker repetition of notes (1809), a double-action pedal harp that allowed greater ease of changing key while playing (180110), and new methods of constructing harp and piano frames. The firm had produced about 100,000 instruments by the end of the 19th century and pioneered in building harpsichords in the early 20th century.