ESSEN, LOUIS

born Sept. 6, 1908, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, Eng. died Aug. 24, 1997, Great Bookham, Surrey English physicist who invented the quartz crystal ring clock and the first practical atomic clock. These devices were capable of measuring time more accurately than any previous clocks. Essen studied physics at Nottingham University College, where he earned a University of London physics degree (1928), Ph.D. (1941), and D.Sc. (1948). In 1929 he began work on frequency and time standards at England's National Physical Laboratory at Teddington in Middlesex, making studies of tuning forks and quartz oscillators. His investigations culminated in the quartz ring clock (1938), which used the electrically induced vibrations of a quartz crystal to measure time. Essen's clock entered into wide use as a time standard in observatories and was the first device accurate enough to measure the minute variations in the Earth's speed of rotation; prior to Essen's work, scientists had thought that the speed was constant. During World War II Essen invented several radio-wave measuring devices, and in 1946 he and A.C. Gordon-Smith used one such device, a cavity resonance wavemeter, to measure the speed of light with unprecedented accuracy. The figure they obtained, 299,792 3 kilometres per second, was 16 km/sec greater than the most accurate value achieved to that time. In 1950 they used an improved cavity resonator to obtain a value of 299,792.5 1 km/sec for light's velocity, a figure differing by less than two metres per second from the more accurate laser-based value officially adopted in 1975. By 1950 Essen had become interested in the possibility of using the frequency of atomic spectral lines to keep time with extraordinary accuracy. The clock that he and his colleague J.V.L. Parry had developed by 1955 was regulated by the natural resonance frequency of cesium atoms. It was accurate to within one part in 10 billion and was the first atomic clock to meet the required standards of accuracy for such devices. By 1957 they had developed an improved version of the clock that was accurate to within one part in one trillion. The extremely accurate value obtained by Essen and Parry for the frequency of the cesium atom in 1958 provided a new standard for measuring time, called atomic time, and was eventually (1967) used to redefine the standard SI unit of time, the second, in terms of atomic frequencies. Essen became deputy chief scientific officer at the National Physical Laboratory in 1960 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society that same year. He angered both the Royal Society and the British government in the early 1970s when he published criticisms of Einstein's special theory of relativity. Essen retired in 1972.