FANG LIZHI

born Feb. 12, 1936, Peking, China Chinese astrophysicist and dissident who was held by the Chinese leadership to be partially responsible for the 1989 student rebellion in Tiananmen Square. Fang attended Peking University (195256) and won a position at the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Modern Physics Research. In 1957 he was publicly rebuked and expelled from the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) for a paper he wrote decrying the Marxist position on physics and calling for a reform of the educational system. He helped to establish a physics department at Peking's University of Science and Technology (known as Keda), and he continued his research on solid-state and laser physics while teaching electromagnetics and quantum mechanics. In 1966 he was confined for a year and then sent to a communal farm to be reeducated. During this period he was isolated from the scientific community, and he redirected his field of study to cosmology. Released in 1969 to teach, Fang was forced to publish his work under a pseudonym. At the start of the post-Mao era, Fang's party membership was restored, and he was allowed to attend conferences outside of China for the first time. He contributed research on a number of subjects in astrophysics and won much acclaim for his work. In 1985 Fang was appointed a vice president of the Ho-fei branch of Keda. He began to work on restructuring the university and reforming educational policy. His outspoken criticisms were somewhat encouraged until students began to participate in demonstrations; Fang was one of those held responsible and was transferred to the Peking Observatory. He was once more expelled from the CCP early in 1987, and (from 1988) his trips abroad were curtailed. When in April 1989 student demonstrations in Tiananmen Square received international attention, Fang again was held responsible, and he took refuge in the U.S. embassy after government troops crushed the protests in early June. He and his wife remained at the embassy until June 1990, when they were allowed to leave the country. Fang subsequently conducted research at universities in Britain and the United States. A collection of his writings and speeches, Bringing Down the Great Wall: Writings on Science, Culture, and Democracy in China, was published in 1991.