FIGNER, VERA NIKOLAYEVNA

born , July 7 [June 25, Old Style], 1852, Khristoforovka, Kazan province, Russia died June 15, 1942, Moscow leader in the Russian Revolutionary Populist (Narodnik) movement. Abandoning her marriage and medical studies for a life devoted to the revolutionary movement, Figner worked in rural areas of Russia, attempting to educate the peasants and to undermine their faith in the tsar as their protector. She also became involved in the Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom Party); following a major policy split within the party (1879), she joined the terrorist branch, which formed the new Narodnaya Volya (People's Will Party). As a member of the party's executive committee, she helped prepare plans for the assassination of key political figures, including Emperor Alexander II. After Alexander was killed (March 1881), she left St. Petersburg to organize terrorist plots in southern Russia and to become the leader of the skeleton Narodnaya Volya organization that escaped immediate arrest. On Feb. 10, 1883, the police finally captured her, and in September 1884 a military tribunal condemned her to death. Her sentence was commuted, however, to life imprisonment, and for the next 20 years she remained in solitary confinement in the Shlisselburg Fortress. After being exiled to Arkhangelsk in 1904, she was allowed in 1906 to go abroad. There she joined the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, the descendant of the Populist movement, but upon her return to Russia in 1915 she devoted herself to literary and social work.