YERMOLOVA, MARIA NIKOLAYEVNA

born July 3, 1853, Moscow, Russia died March 12, 1928, Moscow Russian dramatic actress whose 50-year career was devoted to imbuing her portrayals of stage heroines with a liberal spirit of active independence. Yermolova was trained at the Moscow Theatre School and made her debut at age 17 in the title role of Gotthold Lessing's Emilia Galotti at the Maly Theatre (1870). Her interpretation of Emilia as an active protagonist of self-willed romanticism and turbulent emotions, in comparison with the passive characterizations of the past, established the direction of Yermolova's career. She excelled in the depiction of principals in heroic tragedy, and her lifelong membership in the Maly company was spent in this endeavour. Yermolova's many outstanding roles included Katerina in Aleksandr N. Ostrovsky's The Storm, Laurencia in Lope de Vega's Fuente Ovejuna, Lady Anne in Shakespeare's Richard III, Lady Macbeth, and the title roles in Jean Racine's Phdre and Friedrich Schiller's Mary Stuart and Maid of Orleans. Each of these characters was depicted in such a manner as to emphasize her independence of spirit and her popular heroism in defiance of corrupt authority. Konstantin Stanislavsky was of the opinion that Yermolova was the greatest actress he had ever observed. In 1920 Yermolova became the first person in the Soviet Union accorded the honour of being proclaimed a People's Artist of the Republic. She retired from the stage in 1921.