FINLAND, FLAG OF

national flag consisting of a white field bearing a blue cross; when flown by the government, it incorporates a red, white, and yellow coat of arms featuring a lion. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 11 to 18. In the 16th century the grand duchy of Finland acquired a coat of arms of its own. Its red shield bore a rampant yellow lion with an armoured human arm holding a sword; white roses were scattered around the field. When Finland passed from Swedish rule to Russian in 1809, it lost much of its autonomy. The Finnish people therefore created local symbols to remind themselves of their own language, culture, and history. Many flew flags using the red, yellow, and white derived from the coat of arms. A prominent author, Zacharias Topelius, in the summer of 1862 proposed a new flag, which proved popular. It had a white background for the snows of Finland and blue for its lakes. The blue was represented in the form of a Scandinavian Cross (also called a Nordic Cross). When Finland achieved its independence after the Russian Revolution of 1917, there was debate over the best official flag for the new country. At first the coat of arms itself became the basis for the flaga red field with a gold and white lion and white roses. At sea a flag of red with a cross of yellow, bordered in blue and white, was recognized. Eventually, however, national sentiment supported Topelius's white flag with a blue cross, officially adopted on May 29, 1918, and subsequently subject to modifications only in the shade of blue, most recently on January 1, 1995. Whitney Smith