FLOURENS, GUSTAVE

born Aug. 4, 1838, Paris, France died April 3, 1871, Chatou French radical intellectual and a leader of the Paris Commune revolt of 1871. Flourens was the son of a famous physiologist, Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens, and was a promising young scientist. As an academic he wrote such distinguished works as Histoire de l'homme (1863; History of Man), Ce qui est possible (1864; What Is Possible), and Science de l'homme (1865; Science of Man). In 1867 he was denied a professorship at the Collge de France because of his attachment to radical scientific and political doctrines. He had meanwhile left France for Turkey and Greece. In 1866 he joined a revolt in Crete against the Turks and distinguished himself as a guerrilla leader. Flourens soon returned to France and to political activism. He collaborated on an influential left-wing journal, La Marseillaise; fought a duel with Paul de Cassagnac, a right-wing journalist; and led an abortive revolt at the funeral of Victor Noir, an obscure young newspaperman who had been shot by Prince Pierre Bonaparte (January 1870). Flourens was arrested in February 1870 after leading another unsuccessful uprising but was soon released to help defend Paris against the German siege during the Franco-German War (187071). Following the capitulation of Paris, he was rearrested that October, once again for revolutionary politics. Flourens was free when the Paris Commune revolted in mid-March 1871. He quickly joined the revolutionary movement as elected delegate from the 19th arrondissement of Paris. He played a key role in the military leadership of the Commune and served on the commission of war, but he was killed during a skirmish at Chatou shortly thereafter.