FLYTING

(Scots: quarreling, or contention), poetic competition of the Scottish makaris (poets) of the 15th and 16th centuries, in which two highly skilled rivals engaged in a contest of verbal abuse, remarkable for its fierceness and extravagance. Although contestants attacked each other spiritedly, they actually had a professional respect for their rival's vocabulary of invective. The tradition seems to have derived from the Gaelic filid (class of professional poets), who composed savage tirades against persons who slighted them. A Scandinavian counterpart is the Lokasenna (Flyting of Loki), a poem in the Poetic (Elder) Edda in which the trickster-god Loki bandies words with the other gods, taunting them with coarse jests. Although true flyting became obsolete in Scottish literature after the Middle Ages, the tradition itself never died out among writers of Celtic background. The style and language of Robert Burns's To a Louse (Ye ugly, creepin, blastit wonner / Detested, shunn'd by saunt an' sinner) parodies earlier Scots flyting, and James Joyce's poem The Holy Office is a bard's curse on the society that spurns him. Examples of true flyting are The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie (the poets William Dunbar and Walter Kennedy) and Flyting betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart (the poets Alexander Montgomerie and Sir Patrick Hume of Polwarth).