FOWL

also called Poultry, in animal husbandry, birds raised commercially or domestically for meat, eggs, and feathers. Chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese are of primary commercial importance, while guinea fowl and squabs are chiefly of local interest. Chickens are descended from the wild red jungle fowl of India and belong to the species Gallus gallus. They have been domesticated for at least 4,000 years. Only in about 1800, however, did chicken meat and eggs start to become mass-production commodities. Modern high-volume poultry farms, with rows of cages stacked indoors for control of heat, light and humidity, began to proliferate in Great Britain around 1920 and in the United States after World War II. The females (mature hens and younger pullets) are raised for meat and for their edible eggs; farmers have developed numerous breeds and varieties to fulfill commercial requirements. Mature males (cocks, or roosters) have long been used for sport (now outlawed in many jurisdictions), but most immature males (cockerels) are castrated (in modern times usually chemically, with hormones that cause atrophying of the testicles) to become meat birds, called capons. Originally, meat production was a by-product of egg production. Only hens that could no longer produce enough eggs were killed and sold for meat. By the mid-20th century, however, meat production had outstripped egg production as a specialized industry. Domestic ducks belong to the subfamily Anatinae of the waterfowl family Anatidae. The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) and wild mallard (Anas platyrhyncos) are believed to be the ancestors of all domestic ducks. The Muscovy duck was domesticated in Colombia and Peru by the pre-Columbian Indians. The mallard was domesticated in China about 2,000 years ago and has undergone numerous crossbreedings and mutations. Technically, the term duck applies to the female, the male being called a drake. Duck raising is practiced on a limited scale in most countries, usually as a small-farm enterprise, although large flocks are bred in some areas of England, The Netherlands, and the United States. The American Poultry Association lists 12 domesticated breeds, divided into three classes: meat producing, egg producing, and ornamental. The White Peking, originally from China, is the most widely used because it is meaty, fast growing, and prodigious in egg production. Duck feathers are also of some value, though they have been largely replaced by synthetics. Eiderdown is still of wide commercial value for use in luxury quilts and pillows. Turkeys, members of the family Meleagrididae (order Galliformes), are the largest game birds native to North America. The Aztec and Zuni Indians domesticated them for food and sacrifice and used their feathers for decoration. In 1519 the Spanish brought the Mexican species back to Europe. Turkeys began to be raised for meat on a wide scale after World War II. Generally speaking, male turkeys (called stags, or toms) reach market weight (up to 12 kg [26 pounds]) in about 26 weeks, while hen turkeys mature earlier and rarely exceed 910 kg (2022 pounds). Geese, members of the family Anatidae, are described as domesticated in the earliest biblical writings. Modern breeds are mostly descended from the greylag (Anser anser), a wild goose of northern Eurasia. Unlike its monogamous wild cousin, the domestic goose is polygamous and thus more productive for commercial uses. The largest and most popular domestic meat goose is the Toulouse. In Great Britain, geese of just under one year of age are popularly roasted as Christmas fare. A by-product of goose-meat production especially important in Europe is pt de foie gras, a paste made from the enlarged and fatted livers of force-fed geese. Goose feathers and down provide high-quality insulation in quilts and pillows and, more recently, sleeping bags and coats. Native to Africa and southern Madagascar, guinea fowl (Numida) belong to the family Numididae and are closely related to the chicken. Raised as a sideline on farms in many countries, their food conversion is poor, but they need little care or attention. Squabs are immature pigeons, members of the family Columbidae. Squab production is carried on locally but is rare in most countries with established poultry industries.