FRANCE, FLAG OF

vertically striped blue-white-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3. Under the ancien rgime, France had a great number of flags, and many of its military and naval flags were elaborate and subject to artistic variations. The royal coat of arms, a blue shield with three golden fleurs-de-lis, was the basis for the state flag. After the Bourbons came to power, this shield was generally displayed against a background of the Bourbon dynastic colour, white. The French Revolution of 1789 led to an emphasis on simple flag designs that expressed the radical changes being introduced into social, political, and economic life. Blue and red, the traditional colours of Paris, were popular among revolutionaries in that city, and the Bourbon royal white was often added. In 1790 three equal vertical stripes, arranged red-white-blue within a frame of the same colours, were added to the white flag of the navy. Four years later the Tricolor, with stripes now ordered blue-white-red, was made the official national flag for use by the common people, the army, and the navy. This flag was seen to embody all the principles of the revolutionliberty, equality, fraternity, democracy, secularism, and modernization. Many other nations, especially in Europe, adopted tricoloured flags in imitation of the French, replacing its colours with their own. In this way the French Tricolor has become one of the most influential national flags in history, standing in symbolic opposition to the autocratic and clericalist royal standards of the past as well as to the totalitarian banners of modern communism and fascism. After the military victories of Napoleon I under the Tricolor, the Bourbon Restoration in 1814/15 led to the replacement of all symbols. The white flag was again supreme, but the revolution of 1830, which put Louis-Philippe on the throne, restored the Tricolor. In 1848 many sought to impose a communist red banner on France, and for two weeks the Tricolor itself was altered, its stripes reordered to blue-red-white. Since March 5, 1848, however, the Tricolor has been the sole national flag of France and of all territories under its control. Like many early national flags, the Tricolor has no specific symbolism attached to the individual colours and shapes in its design. Whitney Smith