FRUIT FLY

any two-winged insect of either the family Trypetidae or the family Drosophilidae (order Diptera) whose larvae feed on fruit or other vegetative matter. Insects of the family Trypetidae are often referred to as large fruit flies, and those of the Drosophilidae as small fruit flies, or vinegar flies. (See vinegar fly.) The fruit fly has wings that are banded or spotted with brown. Many species attack cultivated fruits, causing damage that may lead to significant economic losses. Some fruit flies, such as the European celery fly, are leaf miners; others burrow in plant stems. A species of Eurosta causes a common stem gall (swelling) of goldenrod. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) lays as many as 500 eggs in citrus fruits (except lemons and sour limes). The larvae tunnel into the flesh of the fruit and make it unfit for human consumption. Discovered in Florida in 1929, the Mediterranean fruit fly was thought to have been eradicated in the United States by 1930 but reappeared in 1956 and in the early 1960s and again, in California, in the 1980s. Because of this pest, worldwide quarantine laws were formed to regulate the entry of fruits into countries. The apple maggot, the larva of Rhagoletis pomonella, burrows into apples, causing the fruit to become spongy and discoloured. This species and the closely related cherry fruit fly (R. cingulata) cause extensive losses in the northeastern United States. Other widespread pests of this family include the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens), which attacks citrus crops; the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis), which infests many kinds of subtropical fruits; and the olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae), which destroys olives in the Mediterranean region. Control methods vary with the species involved and include spraying of fruits with insecticides during the egg-laying season, destruction of infested fruit, and control by parasites.