GENRO

Japanese Genro (principal elders), extraconstitutional oligarchy that dominated the Japanese government from the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution (1889) to the early 1930s. The genro were men who had played a leading role in the 1868 Meiji Restoration (the overthrow of feudal rule) and in the organization of the new government that followed this revolution. After the constitution was promulgated, these men became personal counselors to the throne, a position that allowed them virtually to run the bureaucracy, though they rarely assumed overt power for themselves. Important figures in the group were Ito Hirobumi, framer of the constitution; Yamagata Aritomo, who modernized the army; and Saionji Kimmochi, the last survivor and most liberal of the group. Between 1900 and 1920 the strength of the genro as a governing body was reduced by differences among its members and by the growing need of the Japanese government for public support. The institution ended with the death of Saionji in 1940.