SAIONJI KIMMOCHI, KOSHAKU

(Duke, or Prince) born Dec. 7, 1849, Kyoto died Nov. 24, 1940, Okitsu, Japan the longest surviving member of the oligarchy that governed Japan after the Meiji Restoration (1868), which had overthrown the ruling Tokugawa family and restored power to the emperor. As prime minister and elder statesman (genro), he attempted to moderate his nation's increasing militarism. Saionji was born into the old court nobility. After studying in France, he returned to Japan in 1881 and founded the Toyo jiyu shimbun (Oriental Free Press), a newspaper dedicated to popularizing democratic ideas. But journalism was considered a scandalous profession for a court noble; hence his colleagues prevailed on the emperor to force Saionji to leave the newspaper and join government service, in which he soon rose to high position. He became one of the principal organizers and later president (1903) of the Rikken Seiyukai (Friends of Constitutional Government), the major political party in Japan at that time, and he served as prime minister in 190102, 190608, and 191112. During his years in office he attempted to curtail military expenditures and pushed for party control of the Cabinet. He retired from party politics and government office in 1912, although in 1919 he headed Japan's delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference, which ended World War I. Saionji spent the last 25 years of his life as a genro, an honour reserved for the exclusive group of leaders who had participated in the Meiji Restoration and who had also served as prime ministers. As such he was a close and trusted adviser of the emperor. Because of his moderating influence upon ultranationalistic and militaristic trends in pre-World War II Japan, right-wing fanatics in the 1930s made several attempts to assassinate him.