GEORGE, STEFAN

born July 12, 1868, Bdesheim, near Bingen, Hesse died Dec. 4, 1933, Minusio, near Locarno, Switz. lyric poet chiefly responsible for the revival of German poetry at the close of the 19th century. He studied philosophy and the history of art in Paris, Munich and Berlin and travelled widely, becoming associated with Mallarm and the Symbolists in Paris and with the Pre-Raphaelites in London. Returning to Germany, where he divided his time between Berlin, Munich, and Heidelberg, he founded a literary school of his own, the George-Kreis, held together by the force of his authoritarian personality. Many well-known writers belonged to it or contributed to its journal, Bltter fr die Kunst, published from 1892 to 1919. The chief aim of the journal was to revitalize the German literary language, felt to be in decline. George aimed to impose a new classicism on German poetry, avoiding impure rhymes and metrical irregularities. Vowels and consonants were arranged with precision to achieve harmony. The resulting symbolic poem was intended to evoke a sense of intoxication. These poetic ideals were a protest not only against the debasement of the language but also against materialism and naturalism, to which George opposed an austerity of life and a standard of poetic excellence, preaching a humanism inspired by Greece, which he hoped would be realized in a new society. His ideas, and the affectations into which they led some of his disciples, his claim of superiority, and his obsession with power were ridiculed, attacked, and misused by those who misunderstood them. But George himself was strongly opposed to the political developmentsabove all, the rise of Nazismwhich his ideas are sometimes thought to reflect. When the Nazi government offered him money and honours, he refused them and went into exile. George's collected works fill 18 volumes (Gesamtausgabe, 192734), including five of translations and one of prose sketches. His collections of poetry, of which Hymnen (1890), Pilgerfahrten (1891), Algabal (1892), Das Jahr der Seele (1897), Der Teppich des Lebens (1899), Der siebente Ring (1907), Der Stern des Bundes (1914), and Das neue Reich (1928) are the most important, show his poetic and spiritual development from early doubts and searching self-examination to confidence in his role as a seer and as leader of the new society he projected. Personally, and spiritually, he found the fulfillment of his striving for significance in Maximin (Maximilian Kronberger; 18881904), a beautiful and gifted youth whom he met in Munich in 1902. After the boy's death George claimed that he had been a god, glorifying him in his later poetry and explaining his attitude to him in Maximin, ein Gedenkbuch (privately published, 1906).