GLENDOWER, OWEN

leader of the Welsh Insurrection in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 (his role in the latter is offstage only). Arrogant and passionate, Glendower is convinced that his birth was accompanied by portents of greatness. Nevertheless, when pushed he repeatedly submits to the sometimes rash judgments of the younger, more charismatic Hotspur. Welsh Owain Glyndwr, or Owain Ap Gruffudd (b c. 1354d. c. 1416), self-proclaimed prince of Wales whose unsuccessful rebellion against England was the last major Welsh attempt to throw off English rule. He became a national hero upon the resurgence of Welsh nationalism in the 19th and 20th centuries. A descendant of the princes of Powys, Glendower inherited several manors in northern Wales. He studied law in London and then served with the forces of Henry Bolingbroke, an opponent of King Richard II and afterward King Henry IV. When he returned to Wales, he found that England's oppressive rule had crippled the Welsh economy and aroused popular resentment. In September 1400, a year after Bolingbroke usurped the throne, Glendower's violent feud with a neighbour, Reynold, Lord Grey of Ruthin, touched off an uprising in northern Wales. The insurgency quickly became a national struggle for Welsh independence. Glendower formed an alliance with Henry's most powerful opponents, and by 1404 he had control of most of Wales. Styling himself prince of Wales, he established an independent Welsh Parliament and began to formulate his own foreign and ecclesiastical policies. In 1405, however, the tide of battle turned against him. He was twice defeated by Henry IV's son, Prince Henry (later King Henry V), and his allies in England were crushed. Reinforcements sent by France could not save his cause. By 140809 Prince Henry had captured Glendower's main strongholds, but the rebel was active in guerrilla fighting as late as 1412.