GUARINO, BATTISTA

born 1434, Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara died 1513 Italian Renaissance scholar who left an account of contemporary goals and techniques of proper education. He was the son of Guarino Veronese (q.v.). Appointed professor of rhetoric at Bologna at the age of 21, Battista succeeded his father at the school in Ferrara upon his father's death in 1460. In 1459 Battista Guarino wrote an account of his father's educational methods and ideals, De ordine docendi et studendi (Concerning the Order and the Method to be Observed in Teaching and in Reading the Classical Authors). He defined an educated gentleman as one familiar with Greek and Latin literature, and he recommended that Greek and Latin be taught simultaneously. Teachers should be well-bred scholars who avoid using corporal punishment on pupils; students are best motivated by rivalry and therefore should be paired off to enhance competition. Guarino put great emphasis on enunciation and style, and he recommended reading aloud and keeping commonplace books as aids to improvement. While not opposed to reading nonclassical works for their content, he valued books dealing with history, geography, philosophy, and ethics primarily for their references to classical literature.