HAITI, FLAG OF

horizontally striped blue-red national flag; when flown by the government, it incorporates the national coat of arms on a central white panel. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 3 to 5. The ideas of the French Revolution of 1789 permeated Haitian society, then under French rule, and eventually led to a slave revolt in 1791. At first the French Tricolor was used as a symbol of belief in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. In 1803, however, Haitians removed the white stripe from the Tricolor, and the new blue-red flag, representing the black and mulatto populations only, became the symbol of the Haitian masses. Through the 19th century different flags were in use by independent Haitian states, although the basic designs were either vertical stripes of black and red or horizontal stripes of blue and red with distinctive coats of arms added in the centre. After the overthrow of Emperor Faustin-lie Soulouque in 1859, Haiti remained under the blue-red flag until Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier came to power. He spoke of a black revolution for the nation and in 1964 altered the national flag to the black-red vertical stripes that had been used by Faustin-lie, King Henry I, and Emperor Jacques I. Duvalier was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude (Baby Doc), but the latter was forced to flee the country in 1986. As of February 25 of that year the old blue-red flag was reestablished. The coat of arms consists of a palm tree surmounted by a liberty cap and flanked by flags, rifles, hatchets, cannon, anchors, masts (in the background), and other symbols. The motto L'Union fait la force (Union makes strength) is also included. Whitney Smith