HALE, GEORGE ELLERY

born June 29, 1868, Chicago died Feb. 21, 1938, Pasadena, Calif., U.S. American astronomer known for his development of important astronomical instruments, including the Hale telescope (completed 1948), a 200-inch reflecting telescope at the California Institute of Technology's Palomar Mountain Observatory near Pasadena. He is known also for his researches in solar physics, particularly his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots. Following education and research in Massachusetts and Berlin, Hale organized (188891) the Kenwood Observatory in Chicago, where he invented and developed the spectroheliograph, an instrument for photographing the Sun in the light of a very small range of wavelengths (monochromatic light). In 1892 he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago and began organizing the Yerkes Observatory, Williams Bay, Wis., of which he was director until 1904. There he built the 40-inch refracting telescope, which remains the largest of its type in the world. He established the Astrophysical Journal, an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics, in 1895. In 1904 he organized the Mt. Wilson Observatory, near Los Angeles, under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C., and was its director until 1923. There he built solar apparatus of great power as well as the huge 60-inch and 100-inch stellar telescopes, both of the reflecting type. He began work on the Hale telescope on Palomar mountain in 1928. Hale was an excellent fund-raiser, an ability that helped in the establishment of the Yerkes Observatory and the observatories on Mt. Wilson and Palomar Mountain. He also helped organize the National Research Council (1916). The recipient of many honours, he was also elected to most of the world's leading academies of science. Additional reading